ALL WHITE GERMAN STAFF AT CARVER SCHOOL ROAD BRANCH LIBRARY
5/19/17
- Road the wsta rte 96 to CRB library; NO ROBIN?; but a skinny tall African American male driver;AND an ad that reads-“iT IS BETTER THAT YOUR CHILD STAYS SLEEP AND NOT KNOW” or something similar-after putting post on blog on 5/18/17;
- White female GERMAN on front desk at CRB library;
- The answer to the 12 years of posts OF ABUSE on blog[s] is called “STRUCTURAL why people [appear] to just go off to some people; while others know that there is a REAL REASON is –STRUCTRUAL ABUSE:
Structural abuse is the process by which an
individual is dealt with unfairly by a
system of harm in ways that the person cannot protect themselves against, cannot deal with, cannot break
out of, cannot mobilise against, cannot seek justice for, cannot redress, cannot avoid, cannot reverse
and cannot change.
[en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_abuse];1,560,000
results
Structural
abuse:
Structural abuse (also called societal abuse) is sexual, emotional or physical abuse that is imposed on an individual or group by a social or cultural system or authority. Structural abuse is indirect, and exploits the victim on an emotional, mental and psychological level. It could manifest itself through any situation within a cultural or social framework.
Currently in most countries, there is no formal law that has been formulated against structural abuse, protecting the victim from such abuse, and enabling him or her to approach the court for relevant justice.[citation needed];
Impacts:
Structural abuse is also called societal abuse. It has four permanent impacts upon the individuals subjected to it:
- Cognitive abuse by which the meaning of the
world is changed forever
- Sexual abuse in which a person's identity is
changed for life[why Obama released
the “sheman” from prison;
- Emotional abuse by which the capability to
function in a human manner is impaired
- Physical abuse that is imposed upon an
individual or group by a personal, social, commercial or cultural system
of dominance.
What is
interesting is that all OF the late night show talk host [WHITE MALE[S] speak
of the abuse to the masses of the people and make jokes and as long as society
keeps laughing the list of abuses by [WHITE MALE[S]]will keep growing:
Which is what
Donald Trump is dealing with-which abuse does he want to release on the United
States of America because that is what the presidency of the United States has evolved into; and the “WHITE
MALE[S]” system is in the process of educating Donald Trump because Donald
Trump was not born in the United State[s]-don’t know if he is a citizen but the
“WHITE MALES” born citizens of the United States use authority to abuse people;
not help them; and Donald Trump has to learn that;
Godnepst
***************
See also
- Discrimination
- Judicial
murder
- Kangaroo
court
- Structural violence
- [[Educational Trauma [1]]
|
||||||||||
http://www.wikia.com/about
Wikia.com has a list of types and contexts of abuse; that
range from “A” to “Z” :
Abuse
[http://abuse.wikia.com/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse]
Abuse is the improper usage or treatment for a bad purpose, often to unfairly or improperly gain benefit, physical or verbal maltreatment, injury, sexual assault, violation, rape, unjust practices; wrongful practice or custom; offense; crime, or otherwise verbal aggression.[1] Abuse can come in many forms.
Abuses such as verbal abuse and physical abuse can be consensual within the confines of erotic humiliation and BDSM.
Satanic ritual abuse was simply a moral panic and not substantiated as a credible type of abuse.
Types and contexts of abuse
Abuse of authority
Main articles: Oppression
and Political corruption
See also: Abuses of CIA authority,
1970s–1990s
Abuse of authority, in the form of political corruption, is the use of legislated powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is not considered political corruption. Neither are illegal acts by private persons or corporations not directly involved with the government. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties.
Abuse of
information
Main articles: Breach of confidence, Copyright
infringement, Insider
trading, and Plagiarism
Abuse of information typically involves a breach of confidence or plagiarism.
Abuse of
power
Main articles: Malfeasance in office and Oppression
Abuse of power, in the form of "malfeasance in office" or "official misconduct", is the commission of an unlawful act, done in an official capacity, which affects the performance of official duties. Malfeasance in office is often grounds for a for cause removal of an elected official by statute or recall election.
Further reading
- Chomsky,
Noam Failed States: The Abuse of Power and the Assault on
Democracy (American Empire Project) (2007)
Abuse of
process
See: Abuse#Legal
abuse
Abuse of
rank
Main article: Rankism
Rankism (also known as abuse of rank) is a term coined by Robert W. Fuller. Fuller has defined rankism as: "abusive, discriminatory, or exploitative behavior towards people who have less power because of their lower rank in a particular hierarchy".[2] Fuller claims that rankism also describes the abuse of the power inherent in superior rank, with the view that rank-based abuse underlies many other phenomena such as bullying, racism, sexism, and homophobia.
Abuse of
trust
See: Position of trust
Ad
hominem abuse
Main article: Ad hominem#Ad hominem abuse
Ad hominem abuse (also called personal abuse or personal attacks) usually involves insulting or belittling one's opponent in order to invalidate his or her argument, but can also involve pointing out factual but ostensible character flaws or actions which are irrelevant to the opponent's argument.
Animal
abuse
Main article: Cruelty
to animals
See also: :Category:Animal cruelty
Animal abuse is the infliction of suffering or harm upon animals, other than humans, for purposes other than self-defense. More narrowly, it can be harm for specific gain, such as killing animals for fur. Diverging viewpoints are held by jurisdictions throughout the world.
Anti-social
behaviour
Main article: Anti-social behaviour
See also: Incivility
Anti-social behaviour is often seen as public behaviour that lacks judgement and consideration for others and may cause them or their property damage. It may be intentional, as with vandalism or graffiti, or the result of negligence. Persistent anti-social behaviour may be a manifestation of an antisocial personality disorder. The counterpart of anti-social behaviour is pro-social behaviour, namely any behaviour intended to help or benefit another person, group or society[3]
Bullying
Main article: Bullying
See also: Template:Bullying,
:Category:Bullying, Gay
bullying, School bullying, Sexual
bullying, and Workplace bullying
Bullying is repeated acts over time that involves a real or perceived imbalance of power with the more powerful individual or group attacking those who are less powerful.[4] Bullying may consist of three basic types of abuse - verbal, physical and emotional. It typically involves subtle methods of coercion such as psychological manipulation. Bullying can be defined in many different ways. Although the
Character
assassination
Main article: Character assassination
Character assassination is an attempt to tarnish a person's reputation. It may involve exaggeration or manipulation of facts to present an untrue picture of the targeted person. It is a form of defamation and can be a form of ad hominem argument.
Child
abuse
Main article: Child abuse
See also: :Category:Child abuse and Child
neglect
Child abuse is the physical or psychological/emotional mistreatment of children. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child.[6] Most child abuse occurs in a child's home, with a smaller amount occurring in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with. There are four major categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological/emotional abuse, and sexual abuse.
Child-on-child
sexual abuse
Main article: Child-on-child sexual abuse
Child-on-child sexual abuse refers to a form of child sexual abuse in which a prepubescent child is sexually abused by one or more other children or adolescent youths, and in which no adult is directly involved. The term describes sexual activity between children that occurs without consent, without equality, or as a result of coercion.[7] This includes when one of the children uses physical force, threats, trickery or emotional manipulation to elicit cooperation.
Child
sexual abuse
Main article: Child
sexual abuse
See also: :Category:Child sexual abuse, Child sexual abuse laws in
the United States, False allegation of child sexual
abuse, Laws regarding child sexual abuse,
and Relationship
between child pornography and child sexual abuse
Child sexual abuse is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent abuses a child for sexual stimulation.[8][9] Forms of CSA include asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities (regardless of the outcome), indecent exposure of the genitals to a child, displaying pornography to a child, actual sexual contact against a child, physical contact with the child's genitals, viewing of the child's genitalia without physical contact, or using a child to produce child pornography.[8][10][11]
Church
abuse
Clandestine
abuse
Main article: Clandestine
abuse
Clandestine abuse is sexual, psychological, or physical abuse "that is kept secret for a purpose, concealed, or underhanded."[12]
Clerical
abuse
Corporate
abuse
Main articles: Accounting scandals, Corporate
behaviour, Corporate
crime, Control
fraud, List of corporate scandals, and The
Corporation
Further reading
- Clinard, Marshall B. Corporate Corruption:
The Abuse of Power (1990)
- Wright, Lesley & Syme, Marti Corporate
Abuse: How "Lean and Mean" Robs People and Profits (1996)
- Wright, Lesley & Syme, Marti Corporate
Abuse (1998)
Corruption
Main article: Corruption
See also: Corruption in local government, Police
corruption, and Political corruption
Corruption can be defined as the misuse of public office for private gain. This involves putting personal interests above those of the people and ideals he or she is pledged to serve. It comes in many forms, is often subjective and can range in severity. Corruption can involve promises, threats or both.
Cyber
abuse or cyber bullying
Main article: Cyber-bullying
See also: Computer
crime, Cyber-aggression in the workplace,
Cyberstalking,
Cyberterrorism,
Flaming (Internet), Harassment by computer, Internet
abuse, and Troll (Internet)
Cyberbullying "involves the use of information and communication technologies to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behavior by an individual or group, that is intended to harm others. -Bill Belsey"[13]
Dating
abuse or dating violence
Main article: Dating
abuse
See also: Date rape
Dating abuse is a pattern of abusive behavior exhibited by one or both partners in a dating relationship. The behavior may include, but is not limited to, physical abuse, psychological abuse and sexual abuse.
Defamation
Main article: Defamation
Defamation is the communication of a statement that makes a claim, expressly stated or implied to be factual, that may give an individual, business, product, group, government or nation a negative image. It is usually, but not always,[14] a requirement that this claim be false and that the publication is communicated to someone other than the person defamed (the claimant).
Detainee
abuse
Disability
abuse
See also: Developmental
disability abuse and vulnerability, Disablism, Disability hate crime, Past
abuse of polio patients prevents treatment for post-polio sequelae today,
and Sexual abuse of
people with developmental disabilities
Further reading
- Baumhoefner, Arlen Financial Abuse of the
Deaf And Hard of Hearing Exposed (2006)
- Fitzsimons, Nancy M. & Sobsey, Dick Combating
Violence & Abuse of People With Disabilities: A Call to Action
(2009)
Discriminatory
abuse
Main articles: Discrimination,
:Category:Discrimination, Template:Discrimination,
Template:Discrimination sidebar, Prejudice, and
Religious
discrimination
Discriminatory abuse involves picking on or treating someone unfairly because something about them is different, for example it may be:
Discriminatory laws such as redlining have existed in many countries. In some countries, controversial attempts such as racial quotas have been used to redress negative effects of discrimination.
Domestic
abuse or domestic violence
Main article: Domestic
violence
See also: :Category:Domestic violence, Common couple violence, Effects of domestic violence
on children, and Epidemiology of domestic violence
Domestic abuse can be broadly defined as a pattern of abusive behaviors by one or both partners in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family, friends or cohabitation. Domestic violence has many forms including physical aggression (hitting, kicking, biting, shoving, restraining, throwing objects), or threats thereof; sexual abuse; emotional abuse; controlling or domineering; intimidation; stalking; passive/covert abuse[15][16] (e.g., neglect); and economic deprivation. Domestic violence may or may not constitute a crime, depending on local statues, severity and duration of specific acts, and other variables. Alcohol consumption[17] and mental illness[18] have frequently been associated with abuse.
Economic
abuse
Economic abuse is when the abuser has control over the victim's money and other economic resources. In its extreme (and usual) form, this involves putting the victim on a strict "allowance", withholding money at will and forcing the victim to beg for the money until the abuser gives them some money. It is common for the victim to receive less money as the abuse continues. This also includes (but is not limited to) preventing the victim from finishing education or obtaining employment, or intentionally squandering or misusing communal resources.[19]
Elder
abuse
Main article: Elder abuse
Elder abuse is a general term used to describe certain types of harm to older adults. One of the more commonly accepted definitions of elder abuse is "a single, or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress to an older person."[20] This definition has been adopted by the World Health Organization from a definition put forward by Action on Elder Abuse in the
Emotional
abuse
Employee
abuse
Financial
abuse
Financial abuse is, for example, illegal or unauthorized use of a person’s property, money, pension book or other valuables (including changing the person's will to name the abuser as heir), often fraudulently obtaining power of attorney, followed by deprivation of money or other property, or by eviction from own home.
Further reading
- Baumhoefner, Arlen Financial Abuse of the
Deaf And Hard of Hearing Exposed (2006)
- Bechthold, Henry L. Blowing the Whistle on
the Christian Church in
- Carnot, Edward J. Is Your Parent in Good
Hands?: Protecting Your Aging Parent from Financial Abuse and Neglect
(Capital Cares) (2003)
- Roubicek, Joe FINANCIAL ABUSE OF THE
ELDERLY; A Detective's Case Files Of Exploitation Crimes (2008)
Flag
abuse
Main article: Flag
desecration
Flag abuse (or flag desecration) is a term applied to various acts that intentionally destroy, damage or mutilate a flag in public, most often a national flag. Often, such action is intended to make a political point against a country or its policies. Some countries have laws forbidding methods of destruction (such as burning in public) or forbidding particular uses (such as for commercial purposes); such laws may distinguish between desecration of the country's own national flag and flags of other countries. Some countries have laws protecting the right to burn a flag as free speech.
Gaslighting
Main article: Gaslighting
Gaslighting is a form of psychological abuse in which false information is presented to the victim with the intent of making them doubt their own memory and perception. It may simply be the denial by an abuser that previous abusive incidents ever occurred, or it could be the staging of bizarre events by the abuser with the intention of disorientating the victim.
Gay
abuse or gay bashing
Main article: Gay bashing
See also: Gay
bullying and Trans-bashing
Gay bashing is an expression used to designate verbal confrontation with, denigration of, or physical violence against people thought to be lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgendered (LGBT) because of their apparent sexual orientation or gender identity.
Group
psychological abuse
Main article: Group psychological abuse
Group psychological abuse refers to groups where methods of psychological abuse are frequently or systematically used on their members. Such abuse would be practices that treat the members as objects one is free to manipulate instead of respecting their autonomy, human rights, identity and dignity. In a group can also play mind games with another person that can make the victim seem like they are accepted but in actuality they are backstabbing the person when his/her back is turned. When the victim requests assistance from the abusing group it is not given.
Harassment
Main article: Harassment
See also: Harassment by computer, Electronic harassment, Harassment in the United Kingdom, Landlord harassment, Hostile environment sexual
harassment, Mobile harassment, Power
harassment, Sexual harassment, and Sexual harassment in education
Harassment covers a wide range of offensive behaviour. It is commonly understood as behaviour intended to disturb or upset. In the legal sense, it is behaviour which is found threatening or disturbing.
Power harassment is harassment or unwelcome attention of a political nature, often occurring in the environment of a workplace.
Sexual harassment refers to persistent and unwanted sexual advances, typically in the workplace, where the consequences of refusing are potentially very disadvantageous to the victim.
Hate
crimes
Main article: Hate crimes
See also: :Category:Hate crime, Disability hate crime, Hate mail,
and Hate
speech
Hate crimes occur when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her perceived membership in a certain social group, usually defined by racial group, religion, sexual orientation, disability, ethnicity, nationality, age, gender, gender identity, or political affiliation.[21]
"Hate crime" generally refers to criminal acts which are seen to have been motivated by hatred of one or more of the listed conditions. Incidents may involve physical assault, damage to property, bullying, harassment, verbal abuse or insults, or offensive graffiti or letters (hate mail).[22]
Hazing
Main article: Hazing
Hazing is a term used to describe various ritual and other activities involving harassment, abuse or humiliation used as a way of initiating a person into a group.
Hazing is seen in many different types of groups, including in gangs, clubs, sports teams, military units, and workplaces. In the United States and Canada, hazing is often associated with Greek-letter organizations (fraternities and sororities). Hazing is often prohibited by law and may be either physical (possibly violent) or mental (possibly degrading) practices. It may also include nudity or sexually oriented activities.
Human
rights abuse
Main article: Human
rights
See also: :Category:Human rights abuses
Human rights are "basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled."[23] Examples of rights and freedoms which have come to be commonly thought of as human rights include civil and political rights, such as the right to life and liberty, freedom of expression, and equality before the law; and economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to participate in culture, the right to be treated with respect and dignity, the right to food, the right to work, and the right to education in some countries.
Humiliation
Main article: Humiliation
Humiliation is the abasement of pride, which creates mortification or leads to a state of being humbled or reduced to lowliness or submission. It can be brought about through bullying, intimidation, physical or mental mistreatment or trickery, or by embarrassment if a person is revealed to have committed a socially or legally unacceptable act.
Incivility
Main article: Incivility
See also: Workplace incivility
Incivility is a general term for social behaviour lacking in civility or good manners, on a scale from rudeness or lack of respect for elders, to vandalism and hooliganism, through public drunkenness and threatening behaviour.[24]
Institutional
abuse
Main article: Institutional abuse
See also: Foster
care#State abuses
Institutional abuse can typically occur in a care home, nursing home, acute hospital or in-patient setting and can be any of the following:[25]
- discriminatory
abuse
- financial
abuse
- neglect
- physical
abuse
- psychological
and emotional abuse
- sexual
abuse
- verbal
abuse
Further reading
- Barter, Christine Investigating
Institutional Abuse of Children (Policy, Practice, Research) (1998)
- Beker, Jerome Institutional Abuse of
Children and Youth (Child & Youth Services) (1982)
- Manthorpe J, Penhale B,
- Westcott, Helen L. Institutional Abuse of
Children - From Research to Policy: A Review (Policy, Practice, Research
S.) (1991)
Insult
Main article: Insult
See also: Ad hominem,
Incivility,
and Rudeness
An insult is an expression, statement (or sometimes behavior) which is considered degrading and offensive.
Intimidation
Main article: Intimidation
See also: Witness intimidation
Intimidation is intentional behavior "which would cause a person of ordinary sensibilities" fear of injury or harm. It's not necessary to prove that the behavior was so violent as to cause terror or that the victim was actually frightened.[26] "The calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to attain goals political, religious, or ideological in nature...through intimidation, coercion, or instilling fear" can be defined as terrorism.[27]
Legal
abuse
Main articles: Abuse
of process, Attorney
misconduct, Frivolous
litigation, Judicial misconduct, Kangaroo
court, and Legal
malpractice
Main articles: Malicious prosecution, Miscarriage
of justice, Professional responsibility, Prosecutorial misconduct, and Vexatious
litigation
Legal abuse relates to abuses associated with taking legal action. It may add greatly to the original distress which required court assistance in the first place.
Vexatious litigation is legal action which is brought, regardless of its merits, solely to harass or subdue an adversary.
Further reading
- Chance, Randal RAPED by the STATE:
Fractured Justice - Legal Abuse (2004)
- Huffer, Karin Overcoming the Devastation
of Legal Abuse Syndrome (1995)
Malpractice
See: Abuse#Negligence
Market
abuse
Main article: Market
abuse
See also: Anti-competitive practices and Insider
trading
Market abuse may arise in circumstances where financial investors have been unreasonably disadvantaged, directly or indirectly, by others who:[28]
- have used information which is not publicly
available (insider dealing)
- have distorted the price-setting mechanism of
financial instruments
- have disseminated false or misleading
information.
Medical
abuse
See: Abuse#Patient
abuse
Mental
abuse
Military
abuse
Main articles: Bullying#Military
bullying, Military
sexual trauma, War crime, and War rape
War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war"; including "murder, the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied territory to slave labor camps", "the murder or ill-treatment of prisoners of war", the killing of hostages, "the wanton destruction of cities, towns and villages, and any devastation not justified by military, or civilian necessity".[29]
War rape is rape committed by soldiers, other combatants or civilians during armed conflict or war. During war and armed conflict rape is frequently used as means of psychological warfare in order to humiliate the enemy and undermine their morale.
Military sexual trauma describes sexual assault and rape experienced by military personnel. It is often accompanied by posttraumatic stress disorder.[30]
Mind
abuse or mind control
Main article: Mind
control
See also: Mind games
Mind abuse or mind control refers to a process in which a group or individual "systematically uses unethically manipulative methods to persuade others to conform to the wishes of the manipulator(s), often to the detriment of the person being manipulated".[31] The term has been applied to any tactic, psychological or otherwise, which can be seen as subverting an individual's sense of control over their own thinking, behavior, emotions or decision making.
Misconduct
Main article: Misconduct
See also: Duty to report misconduct, Judicial misconduct, Official misconduct, Police
misconduct, Police misconduct in the United
States, Prosecutorial misconduct, Scientific misconduct, and Sexual
misconduct
Misconduct means a wrongful, improper, or unlawful conduct motivated by premeditated or intentional purpose or by obstinate indifference to the consequences of one's acts. Three categories of misconduct are official misconduct, professional misconduct and sexual misconduct.
Mobbing
Main article: Mobbing
Mobbing either means bullying of an individual by a group in any context or specifically any workplace bullying. UK anti-bully pioneers Andrea Adams and Tim Field used the expression workplace bullying instead of what Heinz Leymann called "mobbing" although workplace bullying nearly always involves mobbing in its other meaning of group bullying.
Neglect
Main article: Neglect
See also: Child
neglect and Self-neglect
Neglect is a passive form of abuse in which the perpetrator is responsible to provide care for a victim who is unable to care for oneself, but fails to provide adequate care to meet the victim's needs, thereby resulting in the victim's demise.
Neglect may include failing to provide sufficient supervision, nourishment, medical care or other needs for which the victim is helpless to provide for him/her/itself. The victim may be a child, physically or mentally disabled adult, animal, plant, or inanimate object.
Negligence
Main article: Negligence
See also: Legal
malpractice, Malpractice,
Medical
malpractice, Negligence
in employment, and Professional negligence in English Law
Negligence is conduct that is culpable because it falls short of what a reasonable person would do to protect another individual from foreseeable risks of harm.
Online
abuse
Parental
abuse or parent-child abuse
See: Abuse#Child
abuse
Parental
abuse by children
Abuse of parents by their children is a common but under reported and under researched subject. Parents are quite often subject to levels of childhood aggression, typically in the form of verbal or physical abuse, in excess of normal childhood aggressive outbursts. Parents feel a sense of shame and humiliation to have that problem so they rarely seek help and there is usually little or no help available anyway.[32][33]
Passive–aggressive
behavior
Main article: Passive–aggressive behavior
See also: Mind games,
Neglect, Obstructionism,
Procrastination,
Silent
treatment, and Social
undermining
Passive–aggressive behavior is a form of covert abuse. It is passive, sometimes obstructionist resistance to following through with expectations in interpersonal or occupational situations. It can manifest itself as learned helplessness, procrastination, stubbornness, resentment, sullenness, or deliberate/repeated failure to accomplish requested tasks for which one is (often explicitly) responsible.
Patient
abuse
Main article: Patient
abuse
See also: :Category:Health
care professionals convicted of murdering patients, Experimentation on prisoners, Iatrogenesis,
Medical
harm, Medical
malpractice, and Foster
care#State abuses
Patient abuse or neglect is any action or failure to act which causes unreasonable suffering, misery or harm to the patient. It includes physically striking or sexually assaulting a patient. It also includes withholding of necessary food, physical care, and medical attention. It applies to various contexts such as hospitals, nursing homes, clinics and home visits.[34]
Peer
abuse
"Peer abuse" is an expression popularized by Elizabeth Bennett in 2006 to reinforce the idea that it is as valid to identify bullying as a form of abuse as any other type of abuse.[35]
Persecution
Main article: Persecution
Persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group by another group. The most common forms are religious persecution, ethnic persecution, and political persecution, though there is naturally some overlap between these terms.
Personal
abuse or personal attacks
Physical
abuse
Main article: Physical
abuse
Physical abuse is abuse involving contact intended to cause feelings of intimidation, pain, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm.
Police
abuse
Main articles: Police
brutality, Police corruption, and Police
misconduct
Police brutality is the intentional use of excessive force, usually physical, but potentially also in the form of verbal attacks and psychological intimidation, by a police officer. It is in some instances triggered by "contempt of cop", i.e., perceived disrespect towards police officers.
Police corruption is a specific form of police misconduct designed to obtain financial benefits and/or career advancement for a police officer or officers in exchange for not pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an investigation or arrest.
Police misconduct refers to inappropriate actions taken by police officers in connection with their official duties. Police misconduct can lead to a miscarriage of justice and sometimes involves discrimination.
Political
abuse
Main articles: Political corruption, :Category:Political corruption, Political repression, :Category:Political repression, and Political abuse of psychiatry
Template:Ambox/smallFurther reading
- Behera, Navnita Chadha Perpetuating the
divide: Political abuse of history in South Asia journal Contemporary
South Asia, Volume 5, Issue 2 July 1996, Pages 191-205
- Birley, J. Political abuse of psychiatry
Psychiatry, Volume 3, Issue 3, Pages 22–25
- Bonnie, Richard J. Political Abuse of
Psychiatry in the Soviet Union and in China: Complexities and
Controversies J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 30:136–44, 2002 http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/reprint/30/1/136.pdf
Prejudice
Main article: Prejudice
A prejudice is a preconceived belief, opinion, or judgment toward a group of people or a single person because of race, social class, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, age, disability, political beliefs, religion, line of work or other personal characteristics. It also means a priori beliefs (without knowledge of the facts) and includes "any unreasonable attitude that is unusually resistant to rational influence."[36] Although positive and negative prejudice both exist, when used negatively, "prejudice" implies fear and antipathy toward such a group or person.
Prison
abuse or prisoner abuse
Main article: Prisoner
abuse
Prisoner abuse is the mistreatment of persons while they are under arrest or incarcerated. Abuse falling into this category includes:
- Physical
abuse: hitting,
beating, or other unauthorised corporal punishment.
- Psychological abuse: taunting, sleep deprivation, or other forms of
psychological abuse, occasionally white
noise
- Sexual
abuse: forced
intercourse, genital mutilation, or other forms of sexual abuse.
- Other abuse: refusal of essential medication, humiliation,
etc.
- Enhanced interrogation: methods implemented in the War
on Terror purportedly needed to extract information since other
techniques would not yield results.
- Torture: any act by which severe pain,
whether physical or psychological, is intentionally inflicted
Professional
abuse
Main article: Professional
abuse
See also: Malpractice,
Professional
ethics, Professional negligence in English Law, and Professional responsibility
Professional abusers:[37]
- take advantage of their client or patient's
trust
- exploit their vulnerability
- do not act in their best interests
- fail to keep professional boundaries
Abuse may be:
Professional abuse always involves:
- betrayal
of trust
- exploitation
of vulnerability
- violation
of professional boundaries
Further reading
- Dorpat, Theodore L. Gaslighting, the
Double Whammy, Interrogation and Other Methods of Covert Control in
Psychotherapy and Analysis (1996)
- Penfold, P. Susan Sexual Abuse by Health
Professionals: A Personal Search for Meaning and Healing (1998)
Psychological
abuse
Main article: Psychological abuse
See also: :Category:Psychological abuse
Psychological abuse, also referred to as emotional abuse or mental abuse, is a form of abuse characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another to behavior that is psychologically harmful. Such abuse is often associated with situations of power imbalance, such as abusive relationships, bullying, child abuse and in the workplace.
Racial
abuse
Main article: Racism
Racism is abusive attitudes or treatment of others based on the belief that race is a primary determinant of human traits and capacities. It is a form of pride that one's own race is superior and, as a result, has a right to "rule or dominate others," according to a Macquarie Dictionary definition. Racism is correlated with and can foster race-based prejudice, violence, dislike, discrimination, and oppression.
Ragging
Main article: Ragging
Ragging is a form of abuse on newcomers to educational institutions in India, Sri Lanka, and Australia. It is similar to the American phenomenon known as hazing. Currently, Sri Lanka is said to be its worst affected country in the world.[38][39]
Rape
Main article: Rape
See also: :Category:Rape,
Corrective
rape, Date
rape, Effects and aftermath of rape, Motivation for rape, Prison rape,
Rape
by gender, Rape statistics, Rape trauma syndrome, Spousal
rape, Types of rape, and War rape
Rape, also referred to as sexual assault, is an assault by a person involving sexual intercourse with or without sexual penetration of another person without that person's consent.
The rate of reporting, prosecution and convictions for rape varies considerably in different jurisdictions. The U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics (1999) estimated that 91% of
Relational
aggression
Main article: Relational aggression
Relational aggression, also known as covert aggression[43] or covert bullying[44] is a type of aggression in which harm is caused through damage to relationships or social status within a group rather than physical violence.[44][45] Relational aggression is more common and more studied among girls than boys.[45]
Religious
abuse
Main article: Religious
abuse
See also: Religious
discrimination, Religious persecution, :Category:Religious persecution, and
Religious terrorism
Religious abuse refers to
- use of religious teachings in an abusive
manner that causes psychological harm .
- harassment or humiliation
on the basis of the victim's religion, see religious discrimination
- misuse of a religion for selfish, secular or ideological
ends, see
- religion and politics
- abuse of a clerical position to perpetrate
non-religiously motivated abuse, such as in the Catholic sex abuse cases.[46]
- any form of religious violence, including
- human
sacrifice
- violent initiation
rites
Rudeness
Main article: Rudeness
Rudeness (also called impudence or effrontery) is the disrespect and failure to behave within the context of a society or a group of people's social laws or etiquette.
School
bullying
Main article: School
bullying
See also: List of school pranks
School bullying, is a type of bullying that occurs in connection with education, either inside or outside of school. Bullying can be physical, verbal, or emotional and is usually repeated over a period of time.[47][48]
Self-abuse
Main articles: Blame#Self-blame,
Self-abasement,
Self-destructive behaviour, Self-harm, Self-hatred,
Self-neglect,
and Self-victimization
Self-destructive behaviour is a widely used phrase describing a broad set of extreme actions and emotions including self-harm and drug abuse. It can take a variety of forms, and be undertaken for a variety of reasons. It is most visible in young adults and adolescents, but it may affect people of any age.
Sexual
abuse
Main article: Sexual
abuse
See also: Template:Sexual abuse, :Category:Sexual abuse, Sexual
harassment, Sexual misconduct, and Sexual
slavery
Sexual abuse is the forcing of undesired sexual behavior by one person upon another, when that force falls short of being a sexual assault. The offender is referred to as a sexual abuser or (often pejoratively) molester.[49] The term also covers any behavior by any adult towards a child to stimulate either the adult or child sexually. When the victim is younger than the age of consent, it is referred to as child sexual abuse.
Sexual
bullying
Main article: School bullying#Sexual bullying
See also: Sexual
harassment and Sexual misconduct
Sexual bullying is "any bullying behaviour, whether physical or non-physical, that is based on a person’s sexuality or gender. It is when sexuality or gender is used as a weapon by boys or girls towards other boys or girls - although it is more commonly directed at girls. It can be carried out to a person’s face, behind their back or through the use of technology."[50]
Sibling
abuse
Main article: Sibling
abuse
Sibling abuse is the physical, emotional, and/or sexual abuse of one sibling by another.
It is estimated[51] that as many as 3% of children are dangerously abusive towards a sibling, making sibling abuse more common than child abuse by parents, and more common than spousal abuse.
Smear
campaign
Main article: Smear
campaign
A "smear campaign", "smear tactic" or simply "smear" is a metaphor for activity that can harm an individual or group's reputation by conflation with a stigmatized group. Sometimes smear is used more generally to include any reputation-damaging activity, including such colloquialisms as mud slinging.
Societal
abuse
Spiritual
abuse
Main article: Spiritual
abuse
Spiritual abuse occurs when a person in religious authority or a person with a unique spiritual practice misleads and maltreats another person in the name of God or church or in the mystery of any spiritual concept. Spiritual abuse often refers to an abuser using spiritual or religious rank in taking advantage of the victim's spirituality (mentality and passion on spiritual matters) by putting the victim in a state of unquestioning obedience to an abusive authority.
Spousal
abuse
Stalking
Main article: Stalking
See also: Cyberstalking
Stalking describes unwanted attention by individuals (and sometimes groups of people) to others. Stalking behaviors are related to harassment and intimidation. The word "stalking" is used, with some differing meanings, in psychology and psychiatry and also in some legal jurisdictions as a term for a criminal offence. It may also be used to refer to criminal offences or civil wrongs that include conduct which some people consider to be stalking, such as those described in law as "harassment" or similar terms.
Structural
abuse
Main article: Structural
abuse
Structural abuse is sexual, emotional or physical abuse that is imposed on an individual or group by a social or cultural system or authority. Structural abuse is indirect, and exploits the victim on an emotional, mental and psychological level. It could manifest itself through any situation within a cultural or social framework.
Surveillance
abuse
Main article: Surveillance
abuse
Surveillance abuse is the use of surveillance methods or technology to monitor the activity of an individual or group of individuals in a way which violates the social norms or laws of a society. Mass surveillance by the state may constitute surveillance abuse if not appropriately regulated. Surveillance abuse often falls outside the scope of lawful interception. It is illegal because it violates peoples' right to privacy.
Taunting
Main article: Taunting
A taunt is a battle cry, a method in hand-to-hand combat, sarcastic remark, or insult intended to demoralize the recipient, or to anger them and encourage reactionary behaviors without thinking.[citation needed] Taunting can exist as a form of social competition to gain control of the target's cultural capital (i.e. status).[citation needed] In sociological theory, the control of the three social capitals is used to produce an advantage in the social hierarchy as to enforce one's own position in relation to others. Taunting is committed by either directly bullying, or indirectly encouraging others to bully the target. It is also possible to give a response of the same kind, to ensure one's own status. It can be compared to fighting words and trash-talk.
Teasing
Main article: Teasing
Teasing is a word with many meanings. In human interactions, teasing comes in two major forms, playful and hurtful. In mild cases, and especially when it is reciprocal, teasing can be viewed as playful and friendly. However, teasing is often unwelcome and then it takes the form of harassment. In extreme cases, teasing may escalate to actual violence, and may even result in abuse, potentially meeting the legal definition of child abuse or even murder. Children are commonly teased on such matters as their appearance, weight, behavior, abilities, and clothing.[52] This kind of teasing is often hurtful, even when the teaser believes he or she is being playful. One may also tease an animal. Some animals, such as dogs and cats, may recognize this as play, but as in humans, teasing can become hurtful and take the form of bullying and abuse.
Terrorism
Main article: Terrorism
See also: :Category:Terrorism,
:Category:Terrorism by form, Cyberterrorism,
Economic
terrorism, Religious terrorism, :Category:Religious terrorism, and State
terrorism
Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion.[53]At present, there is no internationally agreed definition of terrorism.[54][55] Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to a lone attack), and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants (civilians).
Torture
Main article: Torture
Torture is any act by which severe pain, whether physical or psychological, is intentionally inflicted.
Umpire
abuse
Main article: Umpire
abuse
Umpire abuse refers to the act of abuse towards a umpire, referee, or other official in sport. The abuse can be verbal abuse (such as namecalling), or physical abuse (such as punching).
Verbal
abuse or verbal attacks
Main article: Verbal
abuse
Verbal abuse is a form of abusive behavior involving the use of language. It is a form of profanity that can occur with or without the use of expletives. Whilst oral communication is the most common form of verbal abuse, it includes abusive words in written form.
Verbal abuse is a pattern of behavior that can seriously interfere with one's positive emotional development and can lead to significant detriment to one's self-esteem, emotional well-being, and physical state. It has been further described as an ongoing emotional environment organized by the abuser for the purposes of control.
Whispering
campaign
Main article: Whispering campaign
A whispering campaign is a method of persuasion in which damaging rumors or innuendo are spread about the target, while the source of the rumors seeks to avoid being detected while spreading them (for example, a political campaign might distribute anonymous flyers attacking the other candidate).
Workplace
abuse or workplace bullying
Main article: Workplace
bullying
See also: Template:Workplace,
Cyber-aggression in the workplace,
Control
freak, Emotional
tyranny, Micromanagement, Negligence
in employment, Workplace aggression, Workplace
conflict, Workplace incivility, and Workplace
stress
Workplace bullying, like childhood bullying is the tendency of individuals or groups to use persistent aggressive or unreasonable behavior against a co-worker. Workplace bullying can include such tactics as verbal, nonverbal, psychological, physical abuse and humiliation. This type of aggression is particularly difficult because unlike the typical forms of school bullying, workplace bullies often operate within the established rules and policies of their organization and their society. Bullying in the workplace is in the majority of cases reported as having been perpetrated by a manager and takes a wide variety of forms.
Characteristics
and styles of abuse
Some important characteristics and styles of abuse are:[56]
- overt abuse
- covert (or controlling)
abuse
- unpredictability
- disproportional (exaggerated)
reactions
- dehumanization
and objectification
- abuse of information
- impossible situations (setting up to fail)
- control by proxy
- ambient abuse (gaslighting)
Template:Ambox/small
Telltale
signs of abuse
Telltale signs may include:[57]
- isolation
- irrational jealousy
- subtle presence of physical
violence
- discounting, minimizing, and trivializing
- criticizing
- withholding
- blaming.
Template:Ambox/small
Psychological
characteristics of abusers
In their review of data from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (a longitudinal birth cohort study; n = 941) Moffitt et al.[58] report that while men exhibit more aggression overall, gender is not a reliable predictor of interpersonal aggression, including psychological aggression. The study found that whether male or female, aggressive people share a cluster of traits, including high rates of suspicion and jealousy; sudden and drastic mood swings; poor self-control; and higher than average rates of approval of violence and aggression (in American society, females are, on average, approved[clarification needed] of violence against males). Moffitt et al. also argue that antisocial men exhibit two distinct types of interpersonal aggression (one against strangers, the other against intimate female partners), while antisocial women are rarely aggressive against anyone other than intimate male partners.
Male and female perpetrators of emotional and physical abuse exhibit high rates of personality disorders.[59][60][61] Rates of personality disorder in the general population are roughly 15%-20%, while roughly 80% of abusive men in court-ordered treatment programmes have personality disorders.[62] There are no similar statistics on female perpetrators of family violence due to bias[citation needed] in the data gathering procedure. The only statistics available are the reports on child maltreatment,[63] which show that mothers use physical discipline on children more often than fathers, while severe injury and sexual abuse are more often perpetrated by men.[64]
Abusers may aim to avoid household chores or exercise total control of family finances. Abusers can be very manipulative, often recruiting friends, law officers and court officials, even the victim's family to their side, while shifting blame to the victim.[65][66]
Effects
of abuse on victims
Main articles: Complex post-traumatic stress
disorder and Psychological trauma
English et al.[67] report that children whose families are characterized by interpersonal violence, including psychological aggression and verbal aggression, may exhibit a range of serious disorders, including chronic depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, dissociation and anger. Additionally, English et al. report that the impact of emotional abuse "did not differ significantly" from that of physical abuse. Johnson et al.[68] report that, in a survey of female patients (n = 825), 24% suffered emotional abuse, and this group experienced higher rates of gynecological problems. In their study of men emotionally abused by a wife/partner (n = 116), Hines and Malley-Morrison[69] report that victims exhibit high rates of post traumatic stress disorder and alcoholism.
Namie's study[70] of workplace bullying found that 31% of women and 21% of men who reported workplace bullying exhibited three key symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (hypervigilance, intrusive imagery, and avoidance behaviors). A 1998 study of male college students (n = 70) by Simonelli & Ingram[71] found that men who were emotionally abused by their female partners exhibited higher rates of chronic depression than the general population.
A study of college students (n = 80) by Goldsmith and Freyd[72] report that many who have experienced emotional abuse do not characterize the mistreatment as abusive. Additionally, Goldsmith and Freyd show that these people also tend to exhibit higher than average rates of alexithymia (difficulty identifying and processing their own emotions).
Jacobson et al.[73] found that women report markedly higher rates of fear during marital conflicts. However, a rejoinder[74] argued that Jacobson's results were invalid due to men and women's drastically differing interpretations of questionnaires. Coker et al.[75] found that the effects of mental abuse were similar whether the victim was male or female. Pimlott-Kubiak and Cortina[76] found that severity and duration of abuse were the only accurate predictors of aftereffects of abuse; sex of perpetrator or victim were not reliable predictors.
Analysis of large survey (n = 25,876) by LaRoche[77] found that women abused by men were slightly more likely to seek psychological help than were men abused by women (63% vs. 62%).
In a 2007 study, Laurent, et al.,[78] report that psychological aggression in young couples (n = 47) is associated with decreased satisfaction for both partners: "psychological aggression may serve as an impediment to couples development because it reflects less mature coercive tactics and an inability to balance self/other needs effectively." A 2008 study by Walsh and Shulman[79] reports that psychological aggression by females is more likely to be associated with relationship dissatisfaction for both partners, while withdrawal by men is more likely to be associated with relationship dissatisfaction for both partners.
Victim
blaming
Main article: Victim
blaming
Victim blaming is holding the victims of a crime, an accident, or any type of abusive maltreatment to be entirely or partially responsible for the unfortunate incident that has occurred in their lives.
Cycles
of abuse
Main article: Cycle
of abuse
Template:Ambox/small
Intergenerational
transmission of abuse
Template:Ambox/small
Narcissistic
abuse
Template:Ambox/small
Abuse
cases
See:
- Catholic sex abuse cases or Category:Roman
Catholic Church sex abuse scandal
- Catholic sexual
abuse scandal in the United States or Category:Catholic
sexual abuse scandal in the United States
- Abu Ghraib torture and
prisoner abuse or Category:Abu Ghraib prisoner
abuse
- Category:Military
prisoner abuse scandals
- Category:Human rights abuses
See also
- Abuse
defense
- Abuse prevention program
- Adult
grooming
- Child
grooming
- Destabilisation
- Dissociation
- Exploitation
- Forced
labor
- Human trafficking
- Re-victimization
- Slavery
- Social undermining
- Term
of abuse
- Victimisation
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[dynamic.uoregon.edu/~jjf/articles/gf05.pdf EFFECTS OF EMOTIONAL ABUSE IN
FAMILY AND WORK ENVIRONMENTS]. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 5(1).
73.
↑ Jacobson, N. S., Gottman, J. M., Waltz, J., Rushe, R.,
Babcock, J., & Holtzworth-Munroe, A. (1994). Affect, verbal content, and
psychophysiology in the arguments of couples with a violent husband. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 982-988.
74.
↑ Dutton, D. G. (2006). Rethinking domestic violence. Vancouver : University
of British Columbia
75.
↑ Coker, A. L.; Davis, K. E.; Arias, I.; Desai, S.;
Sanderson, M.; Brandt, H. M.; Smith, PH (2002). "“Physical and mental
health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women.”". American
Journal of Preventive Medicine 23 (4): 260–268. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00514-7.
PMID 12406480.
76.
↑ Pimlott-Kubiak, S.; Cortina, L. M. (2003). "Gender,
victimization, and outcomes: Reconceptualizing risk". Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology 71 (3): 528–539. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.71.3.528.
PMID 12795576.
77.
↑ Laroche, D. (2005). "Aspects of the context and
consequences of domestic violence. Situational couple violence and intimate
terrorism in Canada Quebec City : Government of Quebec
78.
↑ Heidemarie K. Laurent, Hyoun K. Kima, & Deborah M.
Capaldi. 2007. Interaction and relationship development in stable young
couples: Effects of positive engagement, psychological aggression, and
withdrawal. Journal of Adolescence. Volume 31, Issue 6, December 2008,
Pages 815-835 l
79.
↑
Welsh, Deborah P. and Shmuel Shulman. 2008. Directly
observed interaction within adolescent romantic relationships: What have we
learned? . Journal of Adolescence. Volume 31, Issue 6, December 2008,
Pages 877-891
Further
reading
- Macpherson, Michael Colin The psychology
of abuse (1985)
External
links
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Culture and
Substance Abuse: Impact of Culture Affects Approach to Treatment
January 01, 2008
| Addiction, Cultural Psychiatry, Substance Use
Disorder, Alcohol
Abuse
There have been numerous definitions of culture. Dwight Heath1 offers a simple definition: "It [culture] is a system of patterns of belief and behavior that shape the worldview of the member of a society. As such, it serves as a guide for action, a cognitive map, and a grammar for behavior."
[http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/culture-and-substance-abuse-impact-culture-affects-approach-treatment
Substance abuse refers to the
abuse of alcohol and other drugs, primarily illicit drugs, but what is
considered "illicit" is often culturally determined and can vary
between social groups. Most culturally distinct groups have used and abused
alcohol and other drugs throughout the ages, and they have established codes of
behavior in their approach to drugs and alcohol.
This article begins with a brief overview
of the historical background and context for the use and abuse of substances. A
review of the effect of culture on the initiation, use, and abuse of substances
follows. Finally, some guidelines on culturally informed assessment and
treatment are provided. Rather than being all-inclusive, this article focuses on
North American cultural groups.
Historical roots, fruits, and plants
Alcohol and many other drugs have been
used for thousands of years. Alcoholic beverages have been fermented from an
array of plants and fruits since at least 4000 bc. Both wine and beer were
first made at about the same time in what are now Iraq and Iran.1
Some of the earliest references to the use of alcohol are found in ancient
Sumerian clay tablets that contain recipes for the use of wine as a solvent for
medications.2 There is little mention of alcohol use in North
America before the arrival of whites. However, there are some isolated reports
of alcohol use by the Aztec in Mexico ,
by the Pima/Papago in the Southwest United States ,
and by the Aleuts from as far north as Alaska.3 Alcoholic beverages
were introduced in larger quantities during colonial times.
At about the same time that some groups
were fermenting alcoholic beverages, the Sumerians were cultivating the opium
poppy, which they named "hul gil," the plant of joy. The opium poppy
was used for its medicinal properties to relieve pain and diarrhea and for its
mental properties to provide sedation and euphoria.4 Its presence in
the United States
such as blacks and Hispanics.
Marijuana is thought to have its origins more than 4000 years ago in China and later in India.2 Before its psychoactive use, marijuana (hemp) was used as a fiber, and traces of its use for cloth date back more than 10,000 years in China.5 Hemp was grown by George Washington at Mount Vernon and was the second largest crop--after cotton--grown in the South before the US Civil War.2 After World War I, Mexican laborers introduced Americans to smoking marijuana for its psychoactive properties.2
Most of the world's psychoactive plants originated in the
The role of culture in substance use and abuse
Sociocultural beliefs can shape the approach to and behavior regarding substance use and abuse. Culture plays a central role in forming the expectations of individuals about potential problems they may face with drug use.1 For many social groups, this may provide a protective factor. An example is the use of alcohol by the ancient Aztecs before any contact with white settlers. Their use of alcohol was heavily regulated and was only for ceremonial purposes. Non-ceremonial use of alcohol was strictly forbidden under penalty of death.3,8 Another example is the development of the peyote cult in northern
Initiation into excessive substance use may occur during periods of rapid social change, often among cultural groups who have had little exposure to a drug and have not developed protective normative behavior. Anomie, or loss of a healthy ethnic or cultural identity, may occur among native populations whose cultures have been devastated by the extensive and sudden influx of outside influence.7
Because of its low availability, few North American Indians had any exposure to alcohol before the arrival of whites. On the western frontier, potent distilled alcoholic beverages became widely available, and the only model Native Americans had was the drunken comportment of the frontiersman.
Acculturation, the degree to which an individual identifies with his or her native culture, is thought to be related to substance use and abuse. Native American elders believe that many substance abuse problems are related to the loss of traditional culture. Higher rates of substance use have been found in persons who closely identify with non-Native American values and the lowest rates are found in bicultural individuals who are comfortable with both sets of cultural values.9-11
A related situation is that of the immigrant who has moved from his homeland to a new country. Immigrants leave the protective environment of their family behind and are faced with a new set of cultural norms and values. This has been seen in Hispanics who have moved to the
A recent study from
Assessment and screening
With the population of the
• A discussion of the cultural variations in currently recognized DSM disorders.
• A glossary of culture-bound syndromes.
• An outline for a culturally relevant case formulation based on 5 major areas: cultural identity, cultural explanation of the illness, cultural factors related to psychosocial environment and levels of functioning, cultural elements of the relationship between the individual and the clinician, and overall cultural assessment for diagnosis and care.17
The things that should be included in considering a patient's cultural identity are cultural reference groups, involvement with culture of origin, language, and cultural factors of development. For example, for Native Americans it is important to note the tribe the individual is part of and what tribe or ethnic group the person identifies with. Another factor that should be considered is whether the person speaks his native language and what his first language was. Often, individuals can feel alienated from their host culture if they do not speak their native language fluently or at all. This can be a barrier to those wishing to seek care from traditional healers. It is also important to note what involvement a person has had with his host culture and to what degree his family is involved with their culture.
An example of cultural alientation was seen in previous generations of Native American children who were sent to boarding schools. The children were often hundreds of miles away from their families and would not see their families for months or even years. Their behavior was shaped primarily through punishment, and emotional and physical abuse was common. The schools' punitive model was perpetuated when these children became adults and had children of their own. This eventually led to an accelerated weakening of the culture that had previously guided Native American communities. Many Native Americans believe that this loss of culture is the primary cause of their existing social problems, which includes those associated with alcohol. However, more research is needed in this area.18,19
Screening can be done either routinely by asking patients about their alcohol and drug use in the past year or by using a screening test, such as the Alcohol and Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) to ascertain the amount of alcohol use, or the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST), which has been modified to include the use of drugs. It should be emphasized that these screens are just that, screens--they should not replace a thorough medical and cultural history from the patient and collateral information from family and friends. One study that used the short version MAST found that it may have produced a high number of false posi-tives when using the cutoff score of 3 or higher.19 Therefore, when using screening instruments, it is prudent not to use them as diagnostic tools.
Treatment
Treatment access, like access to drugs, requires more than availability in the community. One study found that a particular ethnic group did not seek alcohol or drug treatment from a local program because the program did not have staff that included members of the same ethnic group.20 Staff composition is critical in developing treatment programs, particularly with treatment initiation and retention.21,22 Hiring qualified staff of the same ethnic background may dramatically increase patient access and initiation into treatment. In addition, if the treatment provider is not of the same ethnic background, it is best that he or she take on an inquisitive role and not make any ethnocentric assumptions based on his own cultural heritage. The goal of the clinician should be to uncover sociocultural issues that will affect acceptance, retention, and ultimately, treatment outcome.
Access to treatment is facilitated by locating treatment facilities in easily accessible geographic areas. Patients should have access to facilities and counselors in their own community rather than in remote treatment locations. One caveat is that in small rural communities, ease of access may reduce the ability to keep treatment confidential. This is largely dependent on whether the individual who provides treatment lives within the local community or outside of it.23
One aspect of recovery that is often overlooked is that of cultural recovery. Cultural recovery involves regaining a viable ethnic identity and acquiring a functional social network committed to the person's recovery; making a religious, spiritual, or moral recommitment; re-engaging in recreational or vocational activities; and gaining a social role in the recovering community, society at large, or both.24 Those individuals who fail to make a satisfactory cultural recovery are at risk for re-addiction.
Family involvement is an important focus in working with Hispanic and Native American communities. Both the patient's immediate family and extended family are significant and should be involved in the intervention process because alcohol and drug abuse can erode important family and social ties, and restorative efforts to repair an individual's familial and social network can buffer the effects of alcohol or drug abuse.12
Finally, the community must re- establish a culturally integrated fabric, only part of which may be related to drug and alcohol use. Efforts to re- establish a culturally integrated community must precede, or at least parallel, the development of a meaningful intervention; efforts must combine basic community cultural values with the most recent advances in treatment intervention. For example, the
Conclusion
The problems that drugs and alcohol bring to communities are multidimensional. Treatment interventions should be designed with input from the community. It is in this task of community healing that hope is rekindled, and it is this hope that initiates and drives the healing process. Tribal groups, families, traditional healers, religious entities, legal authorities, and local health care providers should all be involved in the healing and recovery process.
Evidence-Based Reference:
Westermeyer J. Cross-cultural aspects of substance abuse. In: Galanter M, Kleber HD, eds. Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment.
References
References:
1. Heath DW. Cultures and substance abuse. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2001;24:479-496.
2. Inaba DS, Cohen WE. Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs. 4th ed.
3. Abbott PJ. American Indians and Alaska Native aboriginal use of alcohol in the
4. Hoffman JP. The historical shift in the perception of opiates: From medicine to social medicine. J Psychoactive Drugs. 1990;22:53-62.
5.
6. Schultes RE, Hofman A. Plants of the Gods: Their Sacred, Healing and Hallucinogenic Powers. 2nd ed.
7. Westermeyer J. Cross-cultural aspects of substance abuse. In: Galanter M, Kleber HD, eds. Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment.
8. Paredes A. Social control of drinking among the Aztec Indians of Mesoamerica. J Stud Alcohol. 1975;36: 1139-1153.
9. May PA. Substance abuse and American Indians: prevalence and susceptibility. Int J Addict. 1982;17: 1185-1209.
10. Oetting ER, Beawvais F, Velarde J. Marijuana use by reservation Native American youth. Listening Post. 1982;4:25-28.
11. Szelemko WJ, Wood JW, Thurman PJ. Native Americans and alcohol: past, present, and future. J Gen Psychol. 2006;133:435-451.
12. Abbott PJ, Trujillo M. Alcohol and drug abuse among Hispanics. In: Kinney J, ed. Clinical Manual of Substance Abuse. 2nd ed.
13. Black SA,
14. Caetano R. Acculturation and drinking patterns among US Hispanics. Br J Addict. 1987;82:789-799.
15.
16. Hendry T, Lim RF. The assessment of culturally diverse individuals. In: Lim RF, ed. Clinical Manual of Cultural Psychiatry.
17. Appendix I. Outline for cultural formulation and glossary of culture-bound syndromes. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th rev ed.
18. Christensen M. Diagnostic criteria in clinical settings: DSM IV and cultural competence. Am Indian Alsk Native Ment Health Res. 2001;10:52-66.
19. Beauvais F. American Indians and alcohol. Alcohol Health Res World. 1998;22:253-259.
20. Robin RW, Saremi A, Albaugh B, et al. Validity of the SMAST in two American Indian tribal populations. Subst Use Misuse. 2004;39:601-624.
21. Kane GP. Inner City Alcoholism: An Ecological Analysis and Cross-Cultural Study.
22. Walker RD, Lambert MD, Walker PS, Kivlahan DR. Treatment implications of comorbid psychopathology in American Indians and Alaska Natives. Cult Med Psychiatry. 1992-1993;16:555-572.
23. Westermeyer J. Research on treatment of drinking problems: importance of cultural factors. J Stud Alcohol Suppl. 1981;9:44-59.
24. Abbott PJ. Traditional and western healing practices for alcoholism in American Indians and Alaska Natives. Subst Use Misuse. 1998;33:2605-2646.
[http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/culture-and-substance-abuse-impact-culture-affects-approach-treatment];
******
Structural abuse is the process by which an individual is dealt with unfairly by a system of harm in ways that the person cannot protect themselves against, cannot deal with, cannot break out of, cannot mobilise against, cannot seek justice for, cannot redress, cannot avoid, cannot reverse and cannot change.
Every system contains at least one level at which structural abuse occurs, when the actions of the system takes over the actions of individuals within that system to create structures by which abuse of others occurs.[citation needed]
Structural abuse should not be confused with structural violence. Structural violence refers to action committed by a larger society, such as racism or classism in an entire society. Structural abuse refers to actions that are not necessarily endorsed by the broader society.
Impacts[edit]
Structural abuse is also called societal abuse. It has four permanent impacts upon the individuals subjected to it:
- Cognitive abuse by which the meaning of the
world is changed forever
- Sexual abuse in which a person's identity is
changed for life
- Emotional abuse by which the capability to
function in a human manner is impaired
- Physical abuse that is imposed upon an
individual or group by a personal, social, commercial or cultural system
of dominance.
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_abuse]’
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